When an invalid outer join operator exists in a SELECT statement, (or the outer join operator is missing altogether), the statement can return incorrect results.

The code quality check detects invalid or missing join operators in the code and suggests fixes with regards to using the proper join operators.

Example:

The following statement is missing an outer join operator:

SELECT * FROM employee e, customer c
WHERE

e.employee_id=c.salesperson_id(+)ANDc.state=

‘CA’

The code quality check fixes the above statement by providing the missing outer join operator to the statement:

SELECT * FROM employee e,customer c
WHERE e.employee_id = c.salesperson_id

(+) AND c.state

(+) = ‘CA’

The performance of statements can sometimes be improved by adding join criteria, even if a join is fully defined. If this alternate join criterion is missing in a statement, it can restrict the selection of an index in

Oracle’s optimizer and cause performance problems.

The code quality check detects possible join conditions by analyzing the existing conditions in a statement and calculating the missing, alternative join criteria.

Example:

The following statement contains a transitivity issue with an index problem:

SELECT * FROM item i, product p, price pr
WHERE i.product_id = p.product_id AND p.product_id = pr.product_id

The code quality check fixes the above statement with a transitivity issue by adding the missing join condition:

SELECT * FROM item i, product p, price pr
WHERE i.product_id = p.product_id AND p.product_id = pr.product_id AND i.product_id = pr.product_id\

It is considered bad format to place sub-queries in the WHERE clause of a statement, and such clauses can typically be corrected by moving the sub- query to the FROM clause instead, which preserves the meaning of the statement while providing more efficient code.

The code quality check fixes the placement of sub-queries in a statement, which can affect performance. It detects the possibility of moving sub- queries from the FROM clause of the statement.

Example:

The following statement contains a sub-query that contains an incorrect placement of a WHERE statement:

SELECT*

FROM employee
WHERE employee_id=(SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee)

The code quality check fixes the above statement by correcting the sub- query issue:

SELECT employee.* FROM employee (SELECT DISTINCT MAX(salary) col1 FROM employee) t1
WHERE employee_id = t1.col1

Wrong place for conditions in a

HAVING clause

When utilizing the HAVING clause in a statement:

It is recommended to include as few conditions as possible while utilizing the HAVING clause in a statement. SQL Query Tuner detects all conditions in a given HAVING statement and suggests equivalent expressions that can benefit from existing indexes.

Example:

The following statement contains a HAVING clause that is in the wrong place:

SELECT col_a, SUM(col_b) FROM table_a GROUP BY

col_a HAVING col_a > 100

The code check fixes the above statement by replacing the HAVING clause with equivalent expressions:

SELECT col_a, SUM(col_b) FROM table_a
WHERE col_a

> 100 GROUP BY col_a

Index suppressed by a function or an arithmetic operator

In a SELECT statement, if an arithmetic operator is used on an indexed column in the WHERE clause, the operator can suppress the index and result in a FULL TABLE SCAN that can hinder performance.

The code quality check detects these conditions and suggests equivalent expressions that benefit from existing indexes.

Example:

The following statement includes an indexed column as part of an arithmetic operator:

SELECT * FROM employee
WHERE 1 = employee_id - 5

The code quality check fixes the above statement by reconstructing the

WHERE clause:

SELECT * FROM employee
WHERE 6 = employee_id

Mismatched or incompatible column types

When the data types of join or parameter declaration columns are mismatched, the optimizer is limited in its ability to consider all indexes. This can cause a query to be less efficient as the system might select the wrong index or perform a table scan, which affects performance.

The code quality check flags mismatched or incompatible column types and warns that it is not valid code.

Example:

Consider the following statement if Table A contains the column col int and

Table B contains the column col 2 varchar(3):

SELECT * FROM a, b
WHERE a.col = b.col;

In the above scenario, the code quality check flags the

‘a.col = b.

col’ part of the statement and warns that it is not valid code.

When comparing a column with NULL, the !=NULL condition may return a result that is different from the intended command, because col=NULL will always return a result of false. Instead, the NULL/IS NOT NULL operators should be used in its place.

The code quality check flags occurrences of the !=NULL condition and replaces them with the IS NULL operator.

Example:

The following statement includes an incorrect col = NULL expression:

SELECT * FROM employee
WHERE manager_id = NULL

The code quality check replaces the incorrect expression with an IS NULL

clause:

SELECT * FROM employee
WHERE manager_id IS NULL