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This document details Aqua Data Studio's Excel SQL syntax and functions. Supported functions include Aggregate Functions, Numeric Functions, String Functions, Time and Date Functions.

Aggregate Functions (New in 17.0)

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SELECT SUM(Salary) FROM Employee

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GROUP_CONCAT

Concatenates strings with a separator. The default separator is a ',' (without space). This method returns a string. If no rows are selected, the result is NULL. Aggregates are only allowed in select statements.

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Estimates the selectivity (0-100) of a value. The value is defined as (100 * distinctCount / rowCount). The selectivity of 0 rows is 0 (unknown). Up to 10000 values are kept in memory. Aggregates are only allowed in select statements.

Example

SELECT SELECTIVITY(First_name), SELECTIVITY(City) FROM Employee WHERE ROWNUM() < 2

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BOOL_AND returns true if all expressions are true. BOOL_OR returns true if any expression is true.

Example

SELECT BOOL_AND(ID > 100) FROM Employee

Example

SELECT BOOL_OR(Name LIKE 'W%') FROM Employee

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STDDEV_POP, STDDEV_SAMP

STDDEV_POP returns the population standard deviation while STDDEV_SAMP returns the sample standard deviation.

Example

SELECT STDDEV_POP(DISTINCT ID) FROM Employee

Example

SELECT STDDEV_SAMP(ID) FROM Employee

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VAR_POP, VAR_SAMP

VAR_POP returns the population variance while VAR_SAMP returns the sample variance.

Example

SELECT VAR_POP(ID) FROM Employee

Example

SELECT VAR_SAMP(ID) FROM Employee

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Numeric Functions (New in 17.0)

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Returns the absolute value of the numeric expression.

Example

SELECT ABS(Salary) FROM Employee

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ACOS

Returns the arc cosine.

Example

SELECT ACOS(D) FROM Employee

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ASIN

Returns the arc sine.

Example

SELECT ASIN(D) FROM Employee

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ATAN

Calculates the arc tangent.

Example

SELECT ATAN(D) FROM Employee

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COS, COSH

COS returns the trigonometric cosine whereas COSH returns the hyperbolic cosine.

Example

SELECT COS(ANGLE) FROM Employee

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Example

SELECT COSH(X) FROM Employee

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COT

Calculates the trigonometric cotangent.

Example

SELECT COT(ANGLE) FROM Employee

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SIN, SINH

SIN returns the trigonometric sine whereas SINH returns the hyperbolic sine.

Example

SELECT SIN(ANGLE) FROM Employee

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Example

SELECT SINH(ANGLE) FROM Employee

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TAN, TANH

TAN calculates the trigonometric tangent whereas TANH calculates the hyperbolic tangent.

Example

SELECT TAN(ANGLE) FROM Employee

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Example

SELECT TANH(X) FROM Employee

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ATAN2

Calculates the angle when converting the rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates.

Example

SELECT ATAN2(X,Y) FROM Employee

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MOD

The modulo operation. This method returns a long.

Example

SELECT MOD(Salary, Deduction) FROM Employee

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CEILING

Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to the specified numeric expression.

Example

SELECT CEILING(Salary), CEILING(123.45), CEILING(0.0) FROM Employee

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DEGREES

Converts an angle measured in radians to an approximately equivalent angle measured in degrees.

Example

SELECT DEGREES(A) FROM Employee

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EXP

Returns Euler's number e raised to the power of a numeric value.

Example

SELECT EXP(LOG(20)), LOG(EXP(20)) FROM Employee

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FLOOR

Returns the largest integer less than or equal to the specified numeric expression.

Example

SELECT FLOOR(Salary), FLOOR(-123.45), FLOOR(123.45) FROM Employee

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LOG, LOG10

LOG returns the natural logarithm whereas LOG10 returns the base-10 logarithm.

Example

SELECT LOG(ID) FROM Employee

Example

SELECT LOG10(ID) FROM Employee

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RADIANS

Converts an angle measured in degrees to an approximately equivalent angle measured in radians.

Example

SELECT RADIANS(A) FROM Employee

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SQRT

Returns the square root of a numerical value.

Example

SELECT SQRT(Salary) FROM Employee

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PI

Returns the value of PI.

Example

SELECT PI() FROM Employee

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POWER

Returns the base to the exponent power of a numerical value.

Example

SELECT POWER(ID,3) FROM Employee

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RAND

Calling the function without parameter returns the next pseudo random number. Calling it with a parameter seeds the session's random number generator. This method returns a double between 0 (including) and 1 (excluding).

Example

SELECT * FROM Employee ORDER BY RAND()

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RANDOM_UUID

Returns a new UUID with 122 pseudo random bits.

Example

SELECT * FROM Employee ORDER BY RANDOM_UUID()

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ROUND

Rounds to a number of digits, or to the nearest long if the number of digits is not set. This method returns a numeric (the same type as the input).

Example

SELECT First_name, ROUND(Salary, 1) FROM Employee 

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SECURE_RAND

Generates a number of cryptographically secure random numbers. This method returns bytes.

Example

SELECT SECURE_RAND(16) FROM Employee

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SIGN

Returns -1 if the value is smaller than 0, 0 if zero, and otherwise 1.

Example

SELECT SIGN(ID) FROM Employee

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ENCRYPT

Encrypts data using a key. The supported algorithm is AES. The block size is 16 bytes. This method returns bytes.

Example

SELECT ENCRYPT('AES', '00', STRINGTOUTF8('Test')) FROM Employee

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DECRYPT

Decrypts data using a key. The supported algorithm is AES. The block size is 16 bytes. This method returns bytes.

Example

SELECT DECRYPT('AES', '00', STRINGTOUTF8('Test')) FROM Employee

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HASH

Calculates the hash value using an algorithm, and repeats this process for a number of iterations. Currently, the only algorithm supported is SHA256. This method returns bytes.

Example

SELECT HASH('SHA256', STRINGTOUTF8('Password'), 1000) FROM Employee

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TRUNCATE

Truncates to a number of digits (to the next value closer to 0). This method returns a double. When used with a timestamp, truncates a timestamp to a date (day) value. When used with a date, truncates a date to a date (day) value less time part. When used with a timestamp as string, truncates a timestamp to a date (day) value.

Example

SELECT TRUNCATE(E_id, 2) FROM Employee

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COMPRESS

Compresses the data using the specified compression algorithm. Supported algorithms are: LZF (faster but lower compression; default), and DEFLATE (higher compression).

Example

SELECT COMPRESS(STRINGTOUTF8('Jon')) FROM Employee

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EXPAND

Expands data that was compressed using the COMPRESS function. This method returns bytes.

Example

SELECT UTF8TOSTRING(EXPAND(COMPRESS(STRINGTOUTF8('Jon')))) FROM Employee

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ZERO

Returns the value 0.

Example

SELECT ZERO() FROM Employee

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String Functions (New in 17.0)

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Returns the ASCII value of the first character in the string. This method returns an int.

Example

SELECT Fname, ASCII(Fname) FROM Employee

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BIT_LENGTH

Returns the number of bits in a string.

Example

SELECT Fname, BIT_LENGTH(Fname) FROM Employee

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LENGTH

Returns the number of characters in a string.

Example

SELECT City, LENGTH(City) FROM 

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Employee

CHAR

Returns the character that represents the ASCII value.

Example

SELECT CHAR(65) FROM Employee

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CONCAT

CONCAT combines strings.

Example

SELECT CONCAT(Fname, SPACE(3), City) FROM Employee

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DIFFERENCE

Returns the difference between the sounds of two strings.

Example

SELECT DIFFERENCE(Fname, City) FROM Employee

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LOWER

Converts a string to lowercase. 

ExampleExample

SELECT LOWER(Fname) FROM Employee

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UPPER

Converts a string to uppercase.

Example

SELECT UPPER(Fname) FROM Employee

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LEFT

Returns the leftmost number of characters.

Example

SELECT LEFT(Fname, 2) FROM Employee

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RIGHT

Returns the rightmost number of characters.

Example

SELECT RIGHT(Fname, 2) FROM Employee

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LOCATE

LOCATE(searchString, string [, start_position])

Returns the location of a search string in a string. If a start position is used, the characters before it are ignored. If position is negative, the rightmost location is returned. 0 is returned if the search string is not found.

Example

SELECT Fname, LOCATE('le',Fname) FROM Employee

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POSITION

POSITION(searchString, string)

Returns the location of a search string in a string. See also LOCATE.

Example

SELECT POSITION('J', Fname) FROM Employee

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LPAD, RPAD

LPAD(string, int [, paddingString])
RPAD(string, int [, paddingString])

Left pad the string to the specified length. If the length is shorter than the string, it will be truncated at the end. If the padding string is not set, spaces will be used. The RPAD Right pad the string to the specified length. If the length is shorter than the string, it will be truncated. If the padding string is not set, spaces will be used. Example: RPAD(AMOUNT, 10, '*')

Example

SELECT LPAD(Fname,9,'@') FROM Employee

Example

SELECT RPAD(Fname,9,'*') FROM Employee

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LTRIM, RTRIM

LTRIM removes all leading spaces from a string. RTRIM removes all trailing spaces from a string.

Example

SELECT LTRIM(Fname),City FROM Employee

Example

SELECT RTRIM(Fname),City FROM Employee

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TRIM

TRIM([option] [trimString] [FROM] string)

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Removes all leading spaces, trailing spaces, or spaces at both ends, from a string. Other characters can be removed as well.

Example

SELECT TRIM(BOTH '_' FROM Fname) FROM Employee

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REPEAT

REPEAT(string, int)

Returns a string repeated some number of times.

Example

SELECT REPEAT (Fname,3) FROM Employee WHERE Fname LIKE'T%'

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REPLACE

REPLACE(string, searchString [, replacementString])

Replaces all occurrences of a search string in a text with another string. If no replacement is specified, the search string is removed from the original string. If any parameter is null, the result is null.

Example

SELECT REPLACE(Fname, ' ') FROM Employee 

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SUBSTRING, SUBSTR

SUBSTRING(string, startint [, lengthint])

Returns a substring of a string starting at a position. If the start index is negative, then the start index is relative to the end of the string. The length is optional. Also supported is: SUBSTRING(string [FROM start] [FOR length]).

Example

SELECT SUBSTR('[Hello]', 1, 3) FROM Employee 

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TO_CHAR

TO_CHAR(value [, formatString] [, nlsParamString])

TO_CHAR function is used to format a timestamp, a number, or text.

Example

SELECT TO_CHAR(TIMESTAMP '2010-01-01 00:00:00', 'DD MON, YYYY') FROM Employee 

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SPACE

Returns a string consisting of a number of spaces.

Example

SELECT E_id,Fname,space(10),City FROM Employee 

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STRINGDECODE

Converts a encoded string using the Java string literal encoding format. Special characters are \b, \t, \n, \f, \r, \", \\, \<octal>, \u<unicode>. This method returns a string.

Example

SELECT STRINGENCODE(STRINGDECODE('Lines 1\nLine 2')) FROM Employee 

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STRINGENCODE

Encodes special characters in a string using the Java string literal encoding format. Special characters are \b, \t, \n, \f, \r, \", \\, \<octal>, \u<unicode>. This method returns a string.

Example

SELECT STRINGENCODE(STRINGDECODE('Lines 1\nLine 2')) FROM Employee 

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STRINGTOUTF8

Encodes a string to a byte array using the UTF8 encoding format. This method returns bytes.

Example

SELECT UTF8TOSTRING(STRINGTOUTF8('This is a test')) FROM Employee 

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UTF8TOSTRING

Decodes a byte array in the UTF8 format to a string.

Example

SELECT UTF8TOSTRING(STRINGTOUTF8('This is a test')) FROM Employee 

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XMLATTR

XMLATTR(nameString, valueString)

Creates an XML attribute element of the form name=value. The value is encoded as XML text. This method returns a string.

Example

SELECT XMLNODE('a', XMLATTR('p_name', 'http://h2database.com')) FROM Employee 

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XMLNODE

XMLNODE(elementString [, attributesString [, contentString [, indentBoolean]]])

Create an XML node element.

Example

SELECT XMLNODE('a', XMLATTR('href', 'http://h2database.com'), 'H2') FROM Employee 

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XMLCOMMENT

XMLCOMMENT(commentString)

Creates an XML comment. Two dashes (--) are converted to - -. This method returns a string.

Example

SELECT XMLCOMMENT('Comment on XML') FROM Employee 

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XMLCDATA

XMLCDATA(valueString)

Creates an XML CDATA element. If the value contains ]]>, an XML text element is created instead. This method returns a string.

Example

SELECT XMLCDATA('data') FROM Employee 

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XMLSTARTDOC

Returns the XML declaration. The result is always <?xml version=1.0?>.

Example

SELECT XMLSTARTDOC() FROM Employee 

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XMLTEXT

XMLTEXT(valueString [,escapeNewlineBoolean])

Creates an XML text element. If enabled, newline and linefeed is converted to an XML entity (&#). This method returns a string.

Example

SELECT XMLTEXT('Text data') FROM Employee 

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Time and Date Functions (New in 17.0)

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Returns the current date.

Example

SELECT CURRENT_DATE() FROM Employee

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CURRENT_TIME

Returns the current time.

Example

SELECT CURRENT_TIME() FROM Employee

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CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

Returns the current timestamp.

Example

SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP() FROM Employee 

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DATEADD

DATEADD(unitString, addInt, timestamp)

Adds units to a timestamp. The string indicates the unit. Use negative values to subtract units.

Example

SELECT DATEADD('MONTH', 1, DATE '2001-01-31') FROM Employee 

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DATEDIFF

DATEDIFF(unitString, timestamp1, timestamp2)

Returns the the number of crossed unit boundaries between two timestamps.

Example

SELECT DATEDIFF('YEAR', '2005-01-31', '2010-01-31') FROM Employee 

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DAYNAME

Returns the name of the day (in English).

Example

SELECT DAYNAME('2001-01-31') FROM Employee

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DAY_OF_MONTH

Returns the day of month (1-31).
 ExampleExample

SELECT DAY_OF_MONTH('2001-01-31') FROM Employee 

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DAY_OF_WEEK

Returns the day of the week (1 means Sunday).

Example

SELECT DAY_OF_WEEK('2001-01-31') FROM Employee 

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DAY_OF_YEAR

Returns the day of the year (1-366).

Example

SELECT DAY_OF_YEAR('2001-01-31') FROM Employee 

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FORMATDATETIME

FORMATDATETIME(timestamp, formatString [, localeString [, timezoneString]])

Formats a date, time or timestamp as a string. The most important format characters are: y year, M month, d day, H hour, m minute, s second. Example: FORMATDATETIME(TIMESTAMP '2001-02-03 04:05:06','EEE, d MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss z', 'en', 'GMT')

Example

SELECT FORMATDATETIME(TIMESTAMP '2001-02-03 04:05:06', 'EEE, d MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss z', 'en', 'GMT') FROM Employee

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HOUR, MINUTE, MONTH, YEAR

HOUR returns the hour (0 - 23) from a timestamp. MINUTE returns the minute (0 - 59). MONTH returns the month (1 - 12). YEAR returns the year from a timestamp.

Example

SELECT HOUR('2001-02-03 04:05:06') FROM Employee

Example

SELECT MINUTE('2001-02-03 04:08:06') FROM Employee 

Example

SELECT MONTH('2001-05-03') FROM Employee 

Example

SELECT YEAR('2045-02-03') FROM Employee

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More Functions (New in 17.0)

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Converts a value to another data type.

Example

SELECT CAST(ID AS INT) FROM Employee

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COALESCE

Returns the first value that is not null.

Example

SELECT COALESCE(ID, Age, Salary) FROM Employee

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GREATEST

Returns the largest value that is not NULL, or NULL if all values are NULL.

Example

SELECT GREATEST(1, 2, 3) FROM Employee

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LEAST

Returns the smallest value that is not NULL, or NULL if all values are NULL.

Example

SELECT LEAST(1,2,3) FROM Employee

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IFNULL

IFNULL(a, b)

Returns the value of 'a' if it is not null, otherwise 'b'.

Example

SELECT SUM (IFNULL(Salary,100)) FROM Employee

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NULLIF

NULLIF(a, b)

Returns NULL if 'a' is equals to 'b', otherwise 'a'.

Example

SELECT Fname,NULLIF(E_id ,Salary) FROM Employee

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NVL2

NVL2(testValue, a, b)

If the test value is null, then 'b' is returned. Otherwise, 'a' is returned. The data type of the returned value is the data type of 'a' if this is a text type.

Example

SELECT NVL2(ID, 'not null', 'null') FROM Employee

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ROWNUM

Returns the number of the current row.

Example

SELECT ROWNUM(), * FROM Employee

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