This document details Aqua Data Studio's Excel SQL syntax and functions. Supported functions include Aggregate Functions, Numeric Functions, String Functions, Time and Date Functions.
Aggregate Functions (New in 17.0)
AVG
Returns the average (mean) value. If no rows are selected, the result is NULL. Aggregates are only allowed in select statements. The returned value is of the same data type as the parameter.
Example
SELECT AVG(Salary) FROM Employee
COUNT
Returns the count of all rows, or of non-null values.
Example
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employee GO SELECT COUNT(ID) FROM Employee GO
MAX
Returns the highest value.
Example
SELECT MAX(Salary) FROM Employee
MIN
Returns the lowest value.
Example
SELECT MIN(Salary) FROM Employee
SUM
Returns the sum of all values.
Example
SELECT SUM(Salary) FROM Employee
GROUP_CONCAT
Concatenates strings with a separator. The default separator is a ',' (without space). This method returns a string. If no rows are selected, the result is NULL. Aggregates are only allowed in select statements.
Example
SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(First_name ORDER BY E_id SEPARATOR ';') FROM Employee
SELECTIVITY
Estimates the selectivity (0-100) of a value. The value is defined as (100 * distinctCount / rowCount). The selectivity of 0 rows is 0 (unknown). Up to 10000 values are kept in memory. Aggregates are only allowed in select statements.
Example
SELECT SELECTIVITY(First_name), SELECTIVITY(City) FROM Employee WHERE ROWNUM() < 2
BOOL_AND, BOOL_OR
BOOL_AND returns true if all expressions are true. BOOL_OR returns true if any expression is true.
Example
SELECT BOOL_AND(ID > 100) FROM Employee
Example
SELECT BOOL_OR(Name LIKE 'W%') FROM Employee
STDDEV_POP, STDDEV_SAMP
STDDEV_POP returns the population standard deviation while STDDEV_SAMP returns the sample standard deviation.
Example
SELECT STDDEV_POP(DISTINCT ID) FROM Employee
Example
SELECT STDDEV_SAMP(ID) FROM Employee
VAR_POP, VAR_SAMP
VAR_POP returns the population variance while VAR_SAMP returns the sample variance.
Example
SELECT VAR_POP(ID) FROM Employee
Example
SELECT VAR_SAMP(ID) FROM Employee
Numeric Functions (New in 17.0)
ABS
Returns the absolute value of the numeric expression.
Example
SELECT ABS(Salary) FROM Employee
ACOS
Returns the arc cosine.
Example
SELECT ACOS(D) FROM Employee
ASIN
Returns the arc sine.
Example
SELECT ASIN(D) FROM Employee
ATAN
Calculates the arc tangent.
Example
SELECT ATAN(D) FROM Employee
COS, COSH
COS returns the trigonometric cosine whereas COSH returns the hyperbolic cosine.
Example
SELECT COS(ANGLE) FROM Employee
Example
SELECT COSH(X) FROM Employee
COT
Calculates the trigonometric cotangent.
Example
SELECT COT(ANGLE) FROM Employee
SIN, SINH
SIN returns the trigonometric sine whereas SINH returns the hyperbolic sine.
Example
SELECT SIN(ANGLE) FROM Employee
Example
SELECT SINH(ANGLE) FROM Employee
TAN, TANH
TAN calculates the trigonometric tangent whereas TANH calculates the hyperbolic tangent.
Example
SELECT TAN(ANGLE) FROM Employee
Example
SELECT TANH(X) FROM Employee
ATAN2
Calculates the angle when converting the rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates.
Example
SELECT ATAN2(X,Y) FROM Employee
MOD
The modulo operation. This method returns a long.
Example
SELECT MOD(Salary, Deduction) FROM Employee
CEILING
Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to the specified numeric expression.
Example
SELECT CEILING(Salary), CEILING(123.45), CEILING(0.0) FROM Employee
DEGREES
Converts an angle measured in radians to an approximately equivalent angle measured in degrees.
Example
SELECT DEGREES(A) FROM Employee
EXP
Returns Euler's number e raised to the power of a numeric value.
Example
SELECT EXP(LOG(20)), LOG(EXP(20)) FROM Employee
FLOOR
Returns the largest integer less than or equal to the specified numeric expression.
Example
SELECT FLOOR(Salary), FLOOR(-123.45), FLOOR(123.45) FROM Employee
LOG, LOG10
LOG returns the natural logarithm whereas LOG10 returns the base-10 logarithm.
Example
SELECT LOG(ID) FROM Employee
Example
SELECT LOG10(ID) FROM Employee
RADIANS
Converts an angle measured in degrees to an approximately equivalent angle measured in radians.
Example
SELECT RADIANS(A) FROM Employee
SQRT
Returns the square root of a numerical value.
Example
SELECT SQRT(Salary) FROM Employee
PI
Returns the value of PI.
Example
SELECT PI() FROM Employee
POWER
Returns the base to the exponent power of a numerical value.
Example
SELECT POWER(ID,3) FROM Employee
RAND
Calling the function without parameter returns the next pseudo random number. Calling it with a parameter seeds the session's random number generator. This method returns a double between 0 (including) and 1 (excluding).
Example
SELECT * FROM Employee ORDER BY RAND()
RANDOM_UUID
Returns a new UUID with 122 pseudo random bits.
Example
SELECT * FROM Employee ORDER BY RANDOM_UUID()
ROUND
Rounds to a number of digits, or to the nearest long if the number of digits is not set. This method returns a numeric (the same type as the input).
Example
SELECT First_name, ROUND(Salary, 1) FROM Employee
SECURE_RAND
Generates a number of cryptographically secure random numbers. This method returns bytes.
Example
SELECT SECURE_RAND(16) FROM Employee
SIGN
Returns -1 if the value is smaller than 0, 0 if zero, and otherwise 1.
Example
SELECT SIGN(ID) FROM Employee
ENCRYPT
Encrypts data using a key. The supported algorithm is AES. The block size is 16 bytes. This method returns bytes.
Example
SELECT ENCRYPT('AES', '00', STRINGTOUTF8('Test')) FROM Employee
DECRYPT
Decrypts data using a key. The supported algorithm is AES. The block size is 16 bytes. This method returns bytes.
Example
SELECT DECRYPT('AES', '00', STRINGTOUTF8('Test')) FROM Employee
HASH
Calculates the hash value using an algorithm, and repeats this process for a number of iterations. Currently, the only algorithm supported is SHA256. This method returns bytes.
Example
SELECT HASH('SHA256', STRINGTOUTF8('Password'), 1000) FROM Employee
TRUNCATE
Truncates to a number of digits (to the next value closer to 0). This method returns a double. When used with a timestamp, truncates a timestamp to a date (day) value. When used with a date, truncates a date to a date (day) value less time part. When used with a timestamp as string, truncates a timestamp to a date (day) value.
Example
SELECT TRUNCATE(E_id, 2) FROM Employee
COMPRESS
Compresses the data using the specified compression algorithm. Supported algorithms are: LZF (faster but lower compression; default), and DEFLATE (higher compression).
Example
SELECT COMPRESS(STRINGTOUTF8('Jon')) FROM Employee
EXPAND
Expands data that was compressed using the COMPRESS function. This method returns bytes.
Example
SELECT UTF8TOSTRING(EXPAND(COMPRESS(STRINGTOUTF8('Jon')))) FROM Employee
ZERO
Returns the value 0.
Example
SELECT ZERO() FROM Employee
String Functions (New in 17.0)
ASCII
Returns the ASCII value of the first character in the string. This method returns an int.
Example
SELECT Fname, ASCII(Fname) FROM Employee
BIT_LENGTH
Returns the number of bits in a string.
Example
SELECT Fname, BIT_LENGTH(Fname) FROM Employee
LENGTH
Returns the number of characters in a string.
Example
SELECT City, LENGTH(City) FROM Employee
CHAR
Returns the character that represents the ASCII value.
Example
SELECT CHAR(65) FROM Employee
CONCAT
CONCAT combines strings.
Example
SELECT CONCAT(Fname, SPACE(3), City) FROM Employee
DIFFERENCE
Returns the difference between the sounds of two strings.
Example
SELECT DIFFERENCE(Fname, City) FROM Employee
LOWER
Converts a string to lowercase.
Example
SELECT LOWER(Fname) FROM Employee
UPPER
Converts a string to uppercase.
Example
SELECT UPPER(Fname) FROM Employee
LEFT
Returns the leftmost number of characters.
Example
SELECT LEFT(Fname, 2) FROM Employee
RIGHT
Returns the rightmost number of characters.
Example
SELECT RIGHT(Fname, 2) FROM Employee
LOCATE
LOCATE(searchString, string [, start_position])
Returns the location of a search string in a string. If a start position is used, the characters before it are ignored. If position is negative, the rightmost location is returned. 0 is returned if the search string is not found.
Example
SELECT Fname, LOCATE('le',Fname) FROM Employee
POSITION
POSITION(searchString, string)
Returns the location of a search string in a string. See also LOCATE.
Example
LPAD, RPAD
LPAD(string, int [, paddingString])
RPAD(string, int [, paddingString])
Left pad the string to the specified length. If the length is shorter than the string, it will be truncated at the end. If the padding string is not set, spaces will be used. The RPAD Right pad the string to the specified length. If the length is shorter than the string, it will be truncated. If the padding string is not set, spaces will be used. Example: RPAD(AMOUNT, 10, '*')
Example
SELECT LPAD(Fname,9,'@') FROM Employee
Example
SELECT RPAD(Fname,9,'*') FROM Employee
LTRIM, RTRIM
LTRIM removes all leading spaces from a string. RTRIM removes all trailing spaces from a string.
Example
SELECT LTRIM(Fname),City FROM Employee
Example
SELECT RTRIM(Fname),City FROM Employee
TRIM
TRIM([option] [trimString] [FROM] string)
option - LEADING, TRAILING, BOTH
Removes all leading spaces, trailing spaces, or spaces at both ends, from a string. Other characters can be removed as well.
Example
SELECT TRIM(BOTH '_' FROM Fname) FROM Employee
REPEAT
REPEAT(string, int)
Returns a string repeated some number of times.
Example
SELECT REPEAT (Fname,3) FROM Employee WHERE Fname LIKE'T%'
REPLACE
REPLACE(string, searchString [, replacementString])
Replaces all occurrences of a search string in a text with another string. If no replacement is specified, the search string is removed from the original string. If any parameter is null, the result is null.
Example
SELECT REPLACE(Fname, ' ') FROM Employee
SUBSTRING, SUBSTR
SUBSTRING(string, startint [, lengthint])
Returns a substring of a string starting at a position. If the start index is negative, then the start index is relative to the end of the string. The length is optional. Also supported is: SUBSTRING(string [FROM start] [FOR length]).
Example
SELECT SUBSTR('[Hello]', 1, 3) FROM Employee
TO_CHAR
TO_CHAR(value [, formatString] [, nlsParamString])
TO_CHAR function is used to format a timestamp, a number, or text.
Example
SELECT TO_CHAR(TIMESTAMP '2010-01-01 00:00:00', 'DD MON, YYYY') FROM Employee
SPACE
Returns a string consisting of a number of spaces.
Example
SELECT E_id,Fname,space(10),City FROM Employee
STRINGDECODE
Converts a encoded string using the Java string literal encoding format. Special characters are \b, \t, \n, \f, \r, \", \\, \<octal>, \u<unicode>. This method returns a string.
Example
SELECT STRINGENCODE(STRINGDECODE('Lines 1\nLine 2')) FROM Employee
STRINGENCODE
Encodes special characters in a string using the Java string literal encoding format. Special characters are \b, \t, \n, \f, \r, \", \\, \<octal>, \u<unicode>. This method returns a string.
Example
SELECT STRINGENCODE(STRINGDECODE('Lines 1\nLine 2')) FROM Employee
STRINGTOUTF8
Encodes a string to a byte array using the UTF8 encoding format. This method returns bytes.
Example
SELECT UTF8TOSTRING(STRINGTOUTF8('This is a test')) FROM Employee
UTF8TOSTRING
Decodes a byte array in the UTF8 format to a string.
Example
SELECT UTF8TOSTRING(STRINGTOUTF8('This is a test')) FROM Employee
XMLATTR
XMLATTR(nameString, valueString)
Creates an XML attribute element of the form name=value. The value is encoded as XML text. This method returns a string.
Example
SELECT XMLNODE('a', XMLATTR('p_name', 'http://h2database.com')) FROM Employee
XMLNODE
XMLNODE(elementString [, attributesString [, contentString [, indentBoolean]]])
Create an XML node element.
Example
SELECT XMLNODE('a', XMLATTR('href', 'http://h2database.com'), 'H2') FROM Employee
XMLCOMMENT
XMLCOMMENT(commentString)
Creates an XML comment. Two dashes (--) are converted to - -. This method returns a string.
Example
SELECT XMLCOMMENT('Comment on XML') FROM Employee
XMLCDATA
XMLCDATA(valueString)
Creates an XML CDATA element. If the value contains ]]>, an XML text element is created instead. This method returns a string.
Example
SELECT XMLCDATA('data') FROM Employee
XMLSTARTDOC
Returns the XML declaration. The result is always <?xml version=1.0?>.
Example
SELECT XMLSTARTDOC() FROM Employee
XMLTEXT
XMLTEXT(valueString [,escapeNewlineBoolean])
Creates an XML text element. If enabled, newline and linefeed is converted to an XML entity (&#). This method returns a string.
Example
SELECT XMLTEXT('Text data') FROM Employee
Time and Date Functions (New in 17.0)
CURRENT_DATE
Returns the current date.
Example
SELECT CURRENT_DATE() FROM Employee
CURRENT_TIME
Returns the current time.
Example
SELECT CURRENT_TIME() FROM Employee
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
Returns the current timestamp.
Example
SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP() FROM Employee
DATEADD
DATEADD(unitString, addInt, timestamp)
Adds units to a timestamp. The string indicates the unit. Use negative values to subtract units.
Example
SELECT DATEADD('MONTH', 1, DATE '2001-01-31') FROM Employee
DATEDIFF
DATEDIFF(unitString, timestamp1, timestamp2)
Returns the the number of crossed unit boundaries between two timestamps.
Example
SELECT DATEDIFF('YEAR', '2005-01-31', '2010-01-31') FROM Employee
DAYNAME
Returns the name of the day (in English).
Example
SELECT DAYNAME('2001-01-31') FROM Employee
DAY_OF_MONTH
Returns the day of month (1-31).
Example
SELECT DAY_OF_MONTH('2001-01-31') FROM Employee
DAY_OF_WEEK
Returns the day of the week (1 means Sunday).
Example
SELECT DAY_OF_WEEK('2001-01-31') FROM Employee
DAY_OF_YEAR
Returns the day of the year (1-366).
Example
SELECT DAY_OF_YEAR('2001-01-31') FROM Employee
FORMATDATETIME
FORMATDATETIME(timestamp, formatString [, localeString [, timezoneString]])
Formats a date, time or timestamp as a string. The most important format characters are: y year, M month, d day, H hour, m minute, s second. Example: FORMATDATETIME(TIMESTAMP '2001-02-03 04:05:06','EEE, d MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss z', 'en', 'GMT')
Example
SELECT FORMATDATETIME(TIMESTAMP '2001-02-03 04:05:06', 'EEE, d MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss z', 'en', 'GMT') FROM Employee
HOUR, MINUTE, MONTH, YEAR
HOUR returns the hour (0 - 23) from a timestamp. MINUTE returns the minute (0 - 59). MONTH returns the month (1 - 12). YEAR returns the year from a timestamp.
Example
SELECT HOUR('2001-02-03 04:05:06') FROM Employee
Example
SELECT MINUTE('2001-02-03 04:08:06') FROM Employee Example
SELECT MONTH('2001-05-03') FROM Employee Example
SELECT YEAR('2045-02-03') FROM EmployeeMore Functions (New in 17.0)
CAST
Converts a value to another data type.
Example
SELECT CAST(ID AS INT) FROM EmployeeCOALESCE
Returns the first value that is not null.
Example
SELECT COALESCE(ID, Age, Salary) FROM EmployeeGREATEST
Returns the largest value that is not NULL, or NULL if all values are NULL.
Example
SELECT GREATEST(1, 2, 3) FROM EmployeeLEAST
Returns the smallest value that is not NULL, or NULL if all values are NULL.
Example
SELECT LEAST(1,2,3) FROM EmployeeIFNULL
IFNULL(a, b)
Returns the value of 'a' if it is not null, otherwise 'b'.
Example
SELECT SUM (IFNULL(Salary,100)) FROM EmployeeNULLIF
NULLIF(a, b)
Returns NULL if 'a' is equals to 'b', otherwise 'a'.
Example
SELECT Fname,NULLIF(E_id ,Salary) FROM Employee
NVL2
NVL2(testValue, a, b)
If the test value is null, then 'b' is returned. Otherwise, 'a' is returned. The data type of the returned value is the data type of 'a' if this is a text type.
Example
SELECT NVL2(ID, 'not null', 'null') FROM EmployeeROWNUM
Returns the number of the current row.
Example
SELECT ROWNUM(), * FROM Employee